Observing Nonverbal Communication

Choose one of the following activities and record your observations in the space provided.Watch a television drama or comedy and write down all of the instances of nonverbal communication that you see. After watching the program, list each instance, classify it based on the list of types below, and place a plus sign (+) next to any example that contributed to the message and a minus sign (-) next to any that detracted from the message.Go to a park or shopping mall and sit in one spot where you can view different groups of people. Observe moods, body stance, hand gestures, eye movement, and voice pitch. Notice the different types of nonverbal communication exhibited by people of different ages (e.g., between two teenagers, two children, a teenager and a parent, a child and a parent, two adults). Note any nonverbal communication that suggests that people may be making decisions or resolving conflicts. Observe carefully and take good notes.For both activities, refer to the list of the e ight types of nonverbal communication as needed.body movements facial expressions and eye movements self-presentation distance touch time voiceGroup of girls feeling happy after finishing their exams.It suddenly started to rain and one of the friends with high voice tone said † I have brought my umbrella. She said â€Å"I am not like you guys, Who are having theirs cars and drivers†( Showing angry face).All girls went for lunch giving the umbrella to the girl who was very happy about finishing her exam and felt like dancing. Meanwhile the girl's mother called and asked her to come home while she was leaving for London. The girl  felt nervous and was squeezing her hands.* body movement- (-) I am not like you having drivers and cars) * facial expression-(+)girls feeling happy, (-)showing angry face, (-)girl felt nervous) * self presentation- (-) the girl was squeezing her hand, (+) i have brought my umbrella. * voice-(+) I have brought my umbrella! ( with high tone voic e).

Global Civil Societies

There has been a great deal of expansion and formation of new civil societies around the globe. This has particularly come about due to the process of globalization and the expansion of democratic governance, telecommunications and economic integration, in addition, as well as the threat to security. The term is seen as a progressive process particularly because many claim that global civil society is committed to the values of human rights, gender equality, social justice and democracy.On the whole global civil societies are those organizations that operate in the international realm that share the purpose of correcting the world social order, bringing about harmony and dealing with issues that affect human freedom and human equality, in other words these global civil societies are concerned about creating a better world through advocating a fairer, freer and a more just global order. Just to name a few, organizations such as the World Trade Organization, Amnesty International, Gree npeace and Human Rights Watch.Thus the following essay shall critically review the different definitions of Global Civil Societies and look at what are global civil societies are and its purpose as well as share light on criticisms of global civil societies. Although the idea of global civil society fits well with the notion of creating a just global world, there are definitions that are highly contested and argued against. In order for us to understand the concept of global civil societies, one needs to understand the term civil societies.Therefore the following paragraph shall put light on the meaning and nature of civil society. Civil society is seen as a social sphere independent of the state and the market (Thorn and Moksnes. 2012:5). It is understood as the collection of non-state, non-profit, voluntary organization formed by people within a state. These organizations seek to influence the policy of government and international organizations and to complement government servic es. Traditionally civil society includes networks, associations, groups, movements that occupy the social space between the family and the state.Yet there have been various changes to the definition of civil society, which will later be seen as a challenge to the term global civil society. Mary Kaldor, in her article The idea of Global Civil Society, elaborates on the concept of civil society and how it becomes global civil society. She explains, civil society is a modern concept, which can be traced back to Aristotle and other modern thinkers, who came to believe that there was no distinction between civil society and the state (Kaldor. 2003:584). Thus civil society at this time was seen as a type of state that was characterised by a social contract (Kaldor. 003:584). However in the nineteenth century the concept of civil society took on a whole new meaning, it was now seen as dependent of the state. It now becomes to be seen as the intermediate realm between the family and the sta te (Kaldor. 2003:584). For Hegel, civil society was the ‘achievement of the modern world-the territory of mediation where there is a free play for every idiosyncrasy, every talent, every accident of birth and fortune and where waves of passion gust forth, regulated only by reason glinting through them’ (John. 999:3), thus to Hegel, civil societies included the economy and its history (Hegel. 1996). Yet in the early twentieth century, civil society adopted a new definition, it came to be understood as the realm not just between the state and the family, yet the realm between culture, ideology, political debate, the state and the family (Kaldor. 2003:585). One aspect that is associated with the concept of civil society is the relationship it shares with socialism and democracy, in other words it recognizes the sociological underpinnings of modern democracy (Khilnami. 001:16). Thus, one can understand that civil societies were about a rule-governed society based on the con sent of individuals. Overall, civil society is a process through which individuals can negotiate, argue, fight against or agree with each other on political and economical issues, and these can all be done through voluntary associations, movements, parties, unions and the individual. Issues such as political rights, the economy, human rights, and labour rights are the things civil society contests with the government (Anheier et al. 001:4). As stated before they reach boundaries that the government cannot. This leads to the question, what is global civil society, in retrospect; it is civil societies within the global sphere which deals with global issues. However, how global is civil society? What is ‘global civil society’? Many supporters of global civil society have stressed the latter, asserting that global civil society is a progressive concept, in other words, one that advances the values of social justice and human rights.For example, Mary Kaldor (2003), states th at global civil society is also about the â€Å"meaning of human equality in an increasingly unjust world†. Global civil society can be defined as encompassing all associations, excluding governments, the private sectors and families that act transnationally, thus it is about understanding globalization from small levels such as from the ordinary people. In addition global civil society refers to the huge collection of groups that operate across borders and beyond the reach of governments (Anheier et al. 001:3). A simple definition of the concept is as follows, it is a vast, interconnected and multi-layered non-governmental space that comprises many hundreds of thousands of self-directing institutions and ways of life that generate global effects, the ideal type of global civil society, which will be discussed later, brings in the idea that we can strengthen our collective powers of guiding and transforming world order (Storrar et al. 2011). Furthermore, global civil society refers to civil society groups that operate within the global spectrum.It can be linked to the process of globalisation which has allowed the globalization of communication and information and a global market, where you find citizens in one country support citizens in another. Therefore, the term, global civil society refers to non-governmental structures and activities that consist of individuals, households, profit seeking business, non-profit governmental organisations, coalitions, social movements and cultural communities that work towards a common objective (Keane. 2003:7).It also comprises of public personalities, such as Gandhi and Bill Gates, as well as bodies such as Amnesty International and the International Red Cross (Keane. 2003:7). All these associations and organizations despite geographical distance, and barriers of time, have deliberately organised themselves and conducted cross boarder social activities, business and politics outside the boundaries of governmental structures in the hope to create a just global order. John Keane argues that global civil societies is taking shape but that its character and implications for the older state system remain unclear (Keane. 003:7), as many associate ‘civil society’ as being part of the state, yet the concept of the global civil society is that it is independent of the state and that it functions on its own, such as non-governmental organisation and international organizations. This is a contested argument. Consequently, Global civil society adopted a similar concept as civil society, however it is seen as a response to rising concerns for the need of a new social, economic and political deal at the global level.Thus it functions at a global level and looks at issues that affect the whole world. One of the definitions of global civil society is it being an ideal-type, John Keane speaks of the ideal-type of global civil society, according to him, it is referred to as a dynamic non-governme ntal system of international socio-economical institutions that straddle the whole earth, and that has complex effects that are felt in its four corners. It is neither a static object nor a fait accompli (Keane. 003:8). He furthers states that global civil society is â€Å"an unfinished project that consists of sometimes thick, and other times thinly stretched networks—socio-economic institutions and actors who organise themselves across borders, with the deliberate aim of drawing the world together† (Keane, 2003:8). Therefore it is seen as its own form of society, which uses its own powers, influences, without the use of neither violent, nor the help from the state and government to bring about change.On the other hand, many question whether global civil society is democratic. Global civil society in many senses can be said to be democratic as it claims to be independent of the nation states and is not influenced by the government. Hakan Thorn and Heidi Moksnes argue that global civil society can be linked to global democratisation, particularly because it represents a response to the democratic deficit, which is seen as one of the most problematic aspects of the globalization process (Thorn and Moksnes. 012:4). Thus global civil society, as a process of self-organisation of transnational social spheres is seen as a potential carrier of democratic learning processes, as it has the ability to widen the meaning and practice of democracy across nations, allowing for public debate, as well as advocate for human rights, through its cooperation with civil societies and its relation with states and other influential organizations such as transnational corporations.It was mentioned earlier that global civil society is considered progressive, for example in the case of its campaign against Landmines and the Jubilee 2000 campaign for debt relief are two of their successful campaigns (Wild. 2006: 2). They have also, according to Wild, have succeeded in put ting forward new issues and ides onto the international agenda, changing national and international policies and have helped improve the transparency and accountability of global institutions, as well as mobilized public awareness and political engagement (Wild. 2006:2).On the other hand, it is argued that global civil society is not inherently progressive, it is rather seen as being heterogeneous, as you will find that it comprises of groups that are illiberal, anti-democratic, violent as well as liberal, democratic and peaceful. In other words, let’s look at what exactly are global civil societies made of, Thorn and Moksnes state that, global civil society are comprised of civil society actors whom engage across the world within the global arena, in sharing experiences and formulating global norms (Thorn and Moksnes. 2012:4).Thus if Greenpeace is part of global civil societies, surly Al Qaeda is too. Therefore, global civil society as being democratic is highly contested. F urthermore it is difficult to understand the concept of global civil society as being independent of the government, because questions of funding, legal assistance, protection from threats arise, as the state and government are seen by many as the only body that is capable of organizing effective legitimate power. In addition as we look at previous definitions of â€Å"civil society†, it was once defined as having relations with the state.Further on, one may question how can non-governmental organizations poses political influences if it has no ties whatsoever with the neither state nor government. Secondly how can one be sure what is the correct definition of global civil society as the term civil society has in the past adopted several definitions? Corry (2006) writes of the critics of â€Å"global civil societies†, where he shares light on three main criticism of the meanings and definitions of global civil society.According to him, these criticism have awakened par ticularly because, the term global civil society over the years has been seen as hopelessly vague, others doubt its ability to effectively challenge the strong hold the state has, and lastly many question its ability in being a actor on the world stage because of the supposed anti-democratic nature of global civil society. The first criticism claims that it is ambiguous, its definitions is weak and holds no theoretical explanation (Corry. 2006:305).The problem with the term is that there have been so many contested definitions as to what civil society is that it is criticised for exactly what does civil society really mean in this contemporary and modern world. It becomes a problem because now which definition is relevant and most functional. A second criticism is the problem of statist bias, it is argued that global civil society is no product of that state, yet many beg to differ; particularly because of the term â€Å"civil society† which in the past was in relation with t he state (Corry. 2006:306).They accuse global civil society of suggesting a hidden comparison between global and domestic spheres (Corry. 2006:307). Clearly this is seen as contradictory because there are no similarities at global and domestic level. Therefore, one may understand this contradiction as the global civil society not sure itself as whether it wants to be a product of the state or not. Because domestic spheres is highly organized by the state, and you cannot have such domestic issues brought into the global spheres which global civil societies assume it can.A third criticism is that global civil society is undemocratic, its legitimacy is questioned and highly condemned that it undermines democracy by sapping further the authority of the nation-state, as it is seen as the only democratic institution (Corry. 2006:308). Corry quotes from John Fonte, whom states that global civil society, which are transnational agencies and non-governmental organizations â€Å"deny or over ride the national sovereignty of democratic states against surprisingly muted or incoherent opposition† (Fonte. 004), what he means by this is that global civil society bring about new political and democratic challenges to the sovereignty of the state, and undermines the state’s democratic ability. Thus it is more of a problem of what exactly is â€Å"global† and â€Å"civil society† as they both can be distinguished as processes on their own. One needs to look at the â€Å"global† in the term global civil society. The term global separates itself from the state, as it refers to the international arena rather than the domestic arena which is bound by the state.Although, Corry states that the Global may be regarded as a post-statist rather than non-statist term, particularly because the term derived from the concept and structure of the state, he sees it as a continuation of the state rather than a separated sphere. One may argue that the Global is a form of state, yet just within the international arena as it sought to function as a state. Although Keane argues that, civil societies become global once they cross state boundaries (Keane. 2003:17).Overall, the term can be said to be contradictory, particularly because of the changing definitions and meanings of the concept of civil society, as it has made the term global civil society a contested one. Global civil society is understood as the collection of civil societies within the international realm, these are non-governmental structures and activities that consist of individuals, actors, non-governmental organisations, international organizations, profit seeking business, non-profit governmental organisations, social movements and cultural communities that work towards a just global order.These are institutions and organisations that function across borders beyond the reach of government. One of definitions that global civil society tries to pursue is that it is not a produ ct of the nation-state and that is independent of the state, this here is one of the highly contested definitions of global civil society, particularly because it sought to function as a state at the global level. From the above, we saw three criticisms towards the term, which all contested its definition and its contradiction to being independent of the state and its perceived anti-democratic nature.The term contradicts itself merely because, it claims to be a process on its own that is not affiliated with the state, yet it functions towards human rights, gender equality, democracy and global justice, these are all seen as attributes of a democratic institutions. One may argue that the state is the only institution that can hold legitimate democracy. One of the contending arguments is that global civil society in anti-democratic, as you find it comprising of various groups and organizations that do not advocate for democracy. Yet the term is still and evolving concept as we see the increase of globalization.

Big-small dreams Essay

Big-small dreams Essay I have a question for you, a question that, to be honest, is quite intimidating. A question of thought – which way of thinking is better, dreaming big or being satisfied with small thoughts? Is it problematic to have expectations and to be afraid of failure? Or to have no expectations and simply except failure. Can dreamimg big be even more harmful than being unambitious. My whole life I expected myself to perform, to perform in the classroom, on the sports field and generally in all my endeavours. I didnt want to be your typical A-student type huge, but world-renowned huge. I probably had some predisposition to think so, because I was a fairly talented kid and worked adroitly at school, achieving the goals I set our for myself. Over time, however, my motivation turned into something unhealthy. I started believing that I was entitled to success, and I grew more and more frustrated as I faced the real world. Well, the truth is I didn’t face it a lot until arriving in grade 10, where my safe bubble of success was going to be popped. The first ominous sign came when I didn’t get anywhere close to a perfect score for a maths test. I received a respective score, but it wasnt up to my expectation. Which seems pretty logical now as the work load grew and heightened in difficulty, which proved to be an impediment to my progress. The pitfall, however, came soon after, when I received a failing grade in an Afrikaans test, a subject I absolutely loathed. I started to feel like a failure. Now you are probably wondering, â€Å"What does it have to do with dreaming big?† Here’s my answer: I always dreamt big, and this made me overlook tiny successes and feel entitled for admiration and victory. I believe you can guess what happened next. I grew more and more frustrated, as I realized you had to work, and most often, work hard and long, to achieve what you wanted. You even had to withstand failure and overlook your losses – something I was not used to dealing with at all. The only opinion I had about failures is that they diminished my previous accomplishments, and my value as a person, and that successful people never have to deal with failure, or the fiendish feeling that comes along with it. Dreaming big is good, it helps a person set far-reaching goals and aim to do bold things. But it can only work if a person has healthy relationships with failure, tryouts and taking tiny steps. Success scarcely comes overnight. For most of us it takes years to achieve, but no one wants to mention those years – they are a boring time of exhausting, plain and continuous hard work and dedication. Sounds bad enough for a movie, right? Don’t teach anyone to just dream big – teach them to dream big while taking small steps. And remember, success will not find you, thats why its up to you to find it.

Managerialism in social work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managerialism in social work - Essay Example The research suggests that such managers were more oriented to profit, and were more capable of obtaining it, than the traditional owner-managers (J. Harris; 1998, p. 839-8620). This British evidence fits with the range of evidence from the USA and other countries assembled dismiss the thesis of the managerial revolution and establishes that the claim of a separation of ownership and control is well described as a 'pseudo fact'. He points out that 'growth, sales, technical efficiency, a strong competitive position are at once inseparable managerial goals and the determinants of high corporate profits'. These corporate profits are the prerequisites of high managerial income and status. The high status and material rewards which can be achieved by membership of a managerial occupation are dependent on the contribution made to profit achievement or at least to the continued survival of the corporation in a context where too great a deviation from profitable performance would lead to collapse or takeover. The ownership of wealth and the control of work organizations are closely related, on the basis of this kind of evidence. It is the case, however, that owners hip of enterprises is far more dispersed than it was in the past with the growth of an 'impersonal' structure of possession which has not, however, 'resulted in a loss of power by wealthy persons'; both managers and owners play their parts in the same 'constellations of interest' which are dominant. Moreover, similarly and uses the term 'ruling class' to cover the economic, cultural and political 'bloc' created by the alliances arise between capitalist and middle-class managerial class interests. A part in this is inevitably played by interlocking company directorships whereby the 'pattern of meetings' which these involve are 'reinforced by a network of kinship and friendship'. The importance of kin networks is shown by Marceau's (1989) research on European business graduates. She demonstrates how the 'international business elite' which she sees emerging uses kin networks as sources of prestige, information and finance. Power, managerial careers, wealth ownership and prestige are a ll closely interlinked in practice. The British scholar Christopher Pollitt (1990) has given this question considerable thought and has done some valuable work that is especially instructive here. In a searching critique of managerialism and its influence on the British and American public services, he builds an intriguing argument that managerialism "needs to be understood as an ideology, and one with some concrete and immediate consequences" (xi). Pollitt asserts that managerialism consists of a set of beliefs, values, and ideas about the state of the world and how it should be. He identifies five core beliefs of managerialism. 1) "The main route to social progress now lies through the achievement of continuing increases in economically defined productivity." 2) "Such productivity increases will mainly come from the application of ever-more-sophisticated technologies. These

Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Immigration - Essay Example In the British context there have been waves of immigrants everywhere from the ancient Romans trying to colonize the island right through to modern waves of people from various countries coming to the nation. Immigration has fundamentally changed in the modern era. According to a Gallup poll (2009) typically people get pushed or pulled for a variety of different reasons into countries other than their home nation. Moreover it is the case that currently most migrants move from one developed nation to another developed nation yet it is also the case that many people in developing nations would like to move to developed nations, and only a limited percentage of people in developed countries would like to move to developing countries. From this perspective one could argue that the desire to migrate is not always reflected in reality. Immigration as it stands today is massive. According to the Gallup Poll (2009) there are roughly 700 million adults who would like to relocate to a differen t country. Building on this point it is the case that 165 million of these people list the United States as their top destination with an additional 45 million listing Canada as their most desired region of relocation. Other major destinations include Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe, Saudi Arabia and Malaysia. Although it is the case that many people immigrate legally either through normal channels or through asylum seeking, however a large number of people immigrate through illegal channels. This later form of immigration is accomplished through finding alternative entry channels (To avoid customs controllers), through human trafficking, forged documents and a host of other means. As immigration is a ‘Hot’ hot issue there are a number of arguments that stand against immigration based on several government institutions. In the American context it could be argued that being a citizen carries responsibilities but also guarantees some rewards. It is the case that an y person that enters into a nation illegally may under some circumstances take advantage of government institutions that are paid for by law abiding & tax paying American citizens. Illegal immigrants could theoretically be living ‘off the grid’ insofar as they would typically not be contributing to the tax base, and may earn a living in the black market. It is upon this foundation that Preston (2009) voiced a major concern for voters which is the fact that many people worry those health care charges for illegal immigrants will be paid for by tax payers and as such diminish the amount of healthcare available for citizens. Building on this previous point, it has been argued by Porter (2006) that the influx of illegal immigrants from Latin American countries has flooded the market with unskilled labor ultimately brought down the wages of high-school dropouts by approximately 15% from 1980-2004. Another major concern is the impact of illegal immigration on public schools. T he children of illegal immigrants (Who may themselves be in the country illegally) have a number of unique needs. For example, young people from developing countries may not come from a home life that encourages learning, or may have a weak educational foundation when entering the American school system. Moreover many illegal immigrants may not have a command of the English language. From this perspective one could argue that

Multi-Channel Retailing Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multi-Channel Retailing - Speech or Presentation Example The global retail operations of Costco can be primarily classified into four major segments such as: Discount and Variety Retail – Warehouse Clubs and Superstores 2. Grocery Retail 3. Gasoline Retailers and, 4. Online Retailing Source: (Costco Wholesale Corporation, 2012) Advantages Offered by Costco’s Each Distribution Channel The distribution facilities offered by Costco incorporate a large number of potential buyers from different demographic backgrounds that are segregated based on family or business, income-level, age and gender. According to the present revolutionary transformations in the retail format, customers are highly focused on purchasing goods through online or catalog shopping. Therefore, the distribution process of Costco highly utilizes the benefits provided by the online format in order to provide adequate support to each group of customers. The company, in this regard, is highly focused on targeting the customers within the age group of 18 to 45 year s who generally prefer to purchase goods through online retailing format (Costco Wholesale Corporation, 2012). In relation to the similar retailers such as Wal-Mart, the organization has been identified as one of the major competitor for Costco. However, the organization is more competent than its competitors regardless catalogue/online shopping or store retail operations. Differentiating Buying Process of the Customers In relation to the distribution process of products, the operational process of Costco incorporates an effective strategy that ensures to provide various advantages to the organization. Therefore, the major advantageous factors that Costco avail from its exceptional distribution channels including brick and mortar store and catalogue or e-commerce format are depicted hereunder: The ‘shopping in person’ customers of Costco generally tend to purchase their preferred products through a modest online or catalogue format. In this context, the steps of online or catalogue shopping have been discussed hereunder. Identifying Needs: Identifying needs of the products is the initial step where the in-person customers tend to recognize merchandise(s) in accordance with their taste and preference. Searching and Obtaining Information: In this step, the in person customers are focused on searching information about the online store or catalogue regarding the availability, buying terms and condition, payment option and shipping facility among others. Evaluating and Selecting Retailers/Channels: After obtaining information about online/catalogue, the customers evaluate and select appropriate retailer or distribution channel. Visiting Online Shopping Website/ Catalogue: Visiting online shopping website/catalogue is the final step customers wherein the in person customers purchase their preferred or desired products via complying each term and condition of the retailer. In the due course of time, after a consumer starts to continuously visit an onlin e website for purchase his/her loyalty towards the retailer increases. Source: (Costco Wholesale Corporation, 2012) Retail Strategy: Focusing on Retail-Mix Elements Location: Location can be considered as one of the primary elements for any retail organization to efficiently perform its various distributional activities. In the context of the

Managing Information Systems Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Managing Information Systems Assignment - Essay Example In this scenario this report will analyze some of the main aspects such as responsibilities of IT and MIS at the business level and overall implementation issues for setting up an online business at D&D International Enterprises. OVERVIEW Currently every business utilizes information systems along with other new technology based objects at all the stages of business processes to gather, perform operations, and store business data. Additionally, this corporate data is collected as well as distributed in the type of effective business information required to perform diverse tasks of the company. In this scenario, every staff member of the company makes use of these information systems to perform assigned tasks. For instance, a car selling business that could utilize a computer database to manage products sell best, and a retail store could utilize a computer-based information technology artifacts as well as information system to sell products over the Internet. ... Normally, organizations use management information systems to facilitate their staff members to use and change information. However, in many cases, the management information systems work behind the scenes, and the users of the information system are not often engaged or even aware of the operations that are managed or controlled by the system. In addition, the management and improvement of information technology systems and tools supports management as well as other staff members in carrying out several operations associated to the management of business information. Moreover, the management information systems and other business systems are particularly valuable in the collection of company data as well as the creation of corporate information to be employed like tools intended for decision making (BPC, 2010; Schauland, 2011; Lari, 2002). MIS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO BUSINESS Management information system is a wide-ranging phrase intended for the computer structures in a business th at offers information regarding its business processes. It is as well employed to submit to the people who handle and supervise these systems. Normally, in a huge business, â€Å"management information system" or the â€Å"Management information system department" refers to a centrally-harmonized or fundamental arrangement of computer administration and proficiency, frequently comprising mainframe systems however in addition comprising the company’s whole network of computer system resources. In the start, they were developed to perform some specific functions of the business such as calculating the payroll as well as managing accounts receivable and payable. As applications evolved and improved those offered executives with

Nature of reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nature of reality - Essay Example Reality is in its natural form undisputable, primal, and eternal. It has existed in one form and is of likely to change (Adamson, 2002). Perceptions and the senses only give one an appearance, which is subject to change depending on the point of view as well as on differences between people or senses. A blind person has no perception for different colors, but his not being able to see does not make a leaf, for instance, greener or less green. This implies that we cannot depend on the senses to learn the nature of reality. That which exist in a single form regardless of the changes in senses, time, physical conditions or appearances are more real than its perceived form. In the case of the airplane, therefore, being less dependent on perception and appearances we would say that the idea is more real than the physical airplane. This is because, the physical airplane is nothing to someone who was born blind. He does not see the plane and any explanation would yield nothing. However, the idea behind the airplane is easily understood. In the same line, if all the physical airplane were destroyed, anybody who knew of the idea, even without having seen an airplane will not have lost anything. The idea will still exist because it is more

Comparing and Contrasting the Two Films Back to the Future and Temple Assignment

Comparing and Contrasting the Two Films Back to the Future and Temple of Doom - Assignment Example The essay seeks to highlight how similar and how different are the ideas of race; class and gender appear in the two films.The article analyzes both setting and characterization in the two films to understand the philosophies. The race is a rare fact that many children fail to understand while watching the two movies. In both the films, the ideology of racism is hidden that one cannot identify by just watching but must keep a close understanding of the setting and characters. In the film back to the future, racism is depicted by both how characters are viewed in society and how they are treated. When Marty gets back to his house only to find black families living in it the film, shows a neighborhood with burnt out cars and houses. The burnt ugly area depicts a filthy life the blacks live. Another aspect of racism in the film is the characters that are given to the blacks. The blacks are band players or individual living in projects. The scenario gives a racist impression that blacks are good for nothing. Pierre Caliste in his quest for the mayor position, he never believed himself and had to consult a white man Marty to proceed. Similarly, in the film temple of doom, the Shanghai gangsters laugh at Indy after poisoning her wine, and they kept the rescue antidote. The plane flying from China only to crash in Indian soil is also a racial impression of the difference in advancement. Slavery to the weaker race is evident with the kids kidnaped in the village of Thuggees. The two films contrast in gender representation. The film temple of doom is arguably unkind to the women characters prompting the review of the gender ideology. The women characters are represented as shallow beginners by the character Willie. All through the movie, she appears to have little knowledge of her strengths and capabilities. The apparent show of diminished profile for women character is at the ending episodes. After Willie showing little development, Dr. Jones humbles her to a weak damsel in agony  when she is seductively drawn in for a kiss. However, there is a good gesture for female characters in the film back to the future.  

An empirical evaluation of the Purchasing Power Parity Dissertation

An empirical evaluation of the Purchasing Power Parity - Dissertation Example In pursuit of investigating the empirical validity of the PPP theory, this study uses the monthly Japanese Yen to US Dollar exchange rate and the seasonally adjusted Japanese and US monthly Consumer Price Index series as the representative of the price levels as available from OECD main economic indicators 2010. Our data set covers a sample period ranging from 1st January1960 to 1st June 2010. The indexing of CPI for both the Japanese and US series is in accordance with assuming the price level of 2005=100.5.  EstimationThis section presents the results of the estimations specified in section 2. We start of by presenting the statistical preliminaries and time series plots of the variables to engender a preconception of what can be expected from the estimated equations. a.  Statistical preliminariesTable 1 presents the summary statistics for the variables of interest. Note that these are expressed in terms of natural logarithms of the levels.Figure 1 below depicts the inter-tempor al dynamics of the natural logarithm of the series of Japanese Yen to US Dollar Exchange rates. Observe that the series provides a clear visual evidence of a downward trend implying that over the period of 1970 to 2011, there has been a gradual decline in the exchange rate. Additionally, the series also appears to be non-stationary. Of course stationarity properties can only be conclusively verified after formal conduction of unit root tests. Figure 3 presents the time plots of Japanese and US consumer price indices in logs.... tion: where is the natural log of the Japanese Yen to US Dollar exchange rate at time t, is the natural log of the price level index of Japan and is the natural log of the price level index of USA and is an additive iid noise term. 3. Testable Hypothesis The hypotheses that we can test using this specification are as follows: i) Strong or absolute PPP: ii) Relatively weaker form of PPP: ? iii) Weakest form of PPP: ? Note that for ii) and iii) to be valid specifications, the additive error term will have to be stationary. Otherwise estimates will be spurious. 4. Data In pursuit of investigating the empirical validity of the PPP theory, this study uses the monthly Japanese Yen to US Dollar exchange rate and the seasonally adjusted Japanese and US monthly Consumer Price Index series as the representative of the price levels as available from OECD main economic indicators 2010. Our data set covers a sample period ranging from 1st January1960 to 1st June 2010. The indexing of CPI for both the Japanese and US series is in accordance with assuming the price level of 2005=100. 5. Estimation This section presents the results of the estimations specified in section 2. We start of by presenting the statistical preliminaries and time series plots of the variables to engender a preconception of what can be expected from the estimated equations. a. Statistical preliminaries Table 1 presents the summary statistics for the variables of interest. Note that these are expressed in terms of natural logarithms of the levels. Table 1: Summary Statistics of the variables of interest Figure 1 below depicts the inter-temporal dynamics of the natural logarithm of the series of Japanese Yen to US Dollar Exchange rates. Observe that the series provides a clear visual evidence of a downward trend

Cultural Diversity and Literacy Essay Example for Free

Cultural Diversity and Literacy Essay The student body of academic institutions for higher learning is becoming more and more diverse in culture and social groups through the past generations (Koester Lustig, 1991; Powell Collier, 1990). Therefore, educators must bear in mind this diversity factor and modify teaching procedures accordingly. I am a Korean intending to effectively teach piano lessons to high school students. I should be able to help my students appreciate the piano, play the piano excellently and make them become highly literate in music. In a paper presented at the Central States Communication Association Convention in Oklahoma City in 1994, Goulden suggests that the primary goal of academicians and educators in facing cultural diversity should be to provide an opportunity for learning that is beneficial for students (1994 5). This primary goal is supported by more straightforward objectives. Goulden also states that the students must be prepared for life after graduation (1994 5). Therefore, the end goal should be to help the students, however diverse their cultures are, to stand proud for his culture and for what he has learned. As a piano teacher, I think that aside from teaching my students to simply play the piano, I must also impart on them the value of cultural pride, as well as the importance of understanding people on other cultures that will also be part of their audience in playing the piano. Even as music is considered a universal language, it will help my students to play with passion to be able to transcend cultural differences. It is my goal as a teacher to help them achieve that level of effectiveness. Of course, in effect, I intend to teach piano lessons to my students to help them achieve high literacy in music. Literacy is a much broader concept than most people think. While others believe that literacy is all about learning to read and write, other academicians believe that literacy means deep understanding of subject matters, such as music. To contrast, literacy is what broadens a persons world, while illiteracy shrinks it down (Needlman, 2001). I think a persons imagination has a lot to do with literacy. For example, if my students could learn to read the notes and play the piano effectively, I will be happy as a teacher. However, if my students will play the piano and experiment with musical notes on their own, then, I will be happier; because it means that I am imparting high litereacy to my students. If my students can use their imagination and deepen their appreciation and interest in music, I will say they are highly literate in music. As a piano teacher, I think I need to know more than just my students level of skills. For instance, I need to know more than just the notes that they can or cannot read, or the music pieces that they can or cannot play. To be able to reach their mind and help them become imaginative, productive and highly literate in music, I must be able to overcome any possible barrier in reaching their mind. I think my students must have fun while learning with me. Culture can be a barrier to literacy, if there is no connection between teachers and students. For instance, some of my students might be intimidated by the fact that we Koreans, are highly interested in music, and it is an integral part of our lifestyle. I, as the teacher, should tell my students, that even if a certain culture appreciates music more than a certain other culture, it does not mean that the others cannot learn. In fact, on the contrary, we would be very happy to share our passion with the rest of the world. I think that as a teacher, I must understand my students, as well as their families and their communities so I can help them to reach a high level of literacy. Through understanding, I can better relate to my students and establish a connection with them so they will feel that they are a part of me, and I am a part of them, and we must celebrate our cultural diversity because it is beautiful to see that we are different, and yet the same. We have different cultures, but we also have the same interest and the same goals. Between my students and me, our main similarities should be our interest in learning together, learning from each other, and learning about music. For me to have a better understanding of the underlying effects of the increased cultural diversity of my students, I should look into the manners in which students from diverse social and cultural units experience music. I think I should educate myself and equip myself with knowledge about my students varied culture before I can become truly effective in reaching out to them, to make them excellent piano players. Culture is not a static phenomenon passed exactly as it is down from one generation to another; in fact, culture is a dynamic, flexible, breathing environment to which every person makes a contribution. In this case, education, specifically music education must be about helping every student find his passion in music, and help him nourish that passion so he could be prepared to make his own contribution to his own culture (Shuler, 2001). If I could help a student with a culture different from mine develop a contribution to his own culture, then it will also be my achievement as a teacher. References Goulden, N. R. (1994). Curricular Changes, Communication Skills, and Cultural Diversity: The Next Generation, 5. Koester, J. , Lustig, M. (1991). Communication curricula in the Multicultural university. Communication Education, 40, 250-254. Needlman, R. (2001). What Is Literacy? Retrieved November 15, 2006 from http://www. drspock. com/article/0,1510,5133,00. html Powell, R. , Collier, M. J. (1990). Public speaking instruction and cultural bias: The future of the basic course. American Behavioral Scientist, 34(2), 240-250. Shuler, S. C. (2001). Music and education in the twenty-first century: A retrospective, Arts Education Policy Review (Vol. 102, pp. 25): Heldref Publications.

Microsoft PowerPoint Essay Example for Free

Microsoft PowerPoint Essay The development of add-ins into existing and established computer applications such as Microsoft’s PowerPoint is increasing use and function extending not only the longevity of programs but also software development and networking. The PowerPoint versions beginning with the 2003 edition have allowed for greater among Microsoft’s in-house as well as independent developers to create add-ins for various users that in effect has created UI’s unique for individual users (Wenzel, 2007). Majority of the add-ins that has been developed have focused on enhancing the visual appeal of PowerPoint such as animation, interactivity and media. The effort is seen to be motivated by the objective of making PowerPoint not just a basic or generalist presentation (Microsoft Office, 2007). Bridging between Microsoft programs is also evident since the add-ins do not only affect PowerPoint but also other Office programs as well as other non-Office programs such as Producer 2003 or independent programs produced by Macromedia, Java and even open source technology (Harrison, 2001; â€Å"Microsoft PowerPoint Add-Ins†, 2002). Thought there have also been efforts in developing add-ins to extend from the Microsoft platform, there are still significant security issues particularly regarding macros, language and technology copyrights. Overall, current developments in PowerPoint add-ins remain focused on UI development and visual development and functionality. Accesses to the program’s functions have not differed significantly except for the increased control over performance to afford shifting between desktop and mobile use (Wenzel, 2007). The strategy for the PowerPoint franchise is its ease of use and the remaining dominance of Microsoft operating systems as a platform. However, the add-ins are indication that other operating systems are being recognized and the need to be user-focused in development.

Reading Habits Among Student Of Faculty Information Management Education Essay

Reading Habits Among Student Of Faculty Information Management Education Essay Proverb says reading is warehouse of knowledge. By reading we can get a number of knowledge and information that is being developed or have evolved though. Anyway, all is never separated from the act of reading. In particular, the student or students for these jobs require them to read. That is read, read, and continue readings. As a hunter of science, the book is a major source of knowledge for them. Hence, reading something that is very important in our lives if we want to succeed in life. There are lots of understanding about the reading by some of the figures. Among Klein, ddk (in Faridah Rahim, 2005: 3) that make the definition of reading includes: first, reading is a process. The point is the information from the text and the knowledge possessed by the reader has a key role in the form of questions. According to Harris and Sipay (1980) described the process of reading as a process for the interpretation of the meaning of the symbols printed or written. In addition, Kenedy (1981) also defines reading as the ability to detect a visual form (graphic symbols that represent the language and the writing or words), connecting it with the form of sound or meaning of the note and then based on past experience, understand and interpret its meaning. For Mohairaini Yusoff (1989), has concluded the process of reading as a complex treatment and cannot be observed. Only two components of the agreed key skills inherent in the reading skills of skills to recognize and condemn the w ords and the skills to understand what is read. Reading is something that should be in our lives as human beings as long as we live on this Gods earth. Reading is the roots strength of an individual, but of a nation and a country. Without someone to read that there would be no knowledge or experience, without the knowledge and experience of how someone is able to govern or to lead a country and family. Therefore, reading is something very important in life if we want to succeed. In addition, reading is a science which is important to us. Many forms of knowledge can be gained by reading habits, but the reading can improve a person thinking and enhance their skills or expertise in any field of endeavor. Reading also benefited as the reading we can fill the free time and with these we will not waste time with things that are not useful as is happening now is like illegal racing activity, loitering, and so forth. In fact, reading can calm the mind and reduce the burden and to read, we can disseminate the knowledge gained from reading to others. Now we can also read and heard through the mass media in our country Malaysia, the ministry tried to set up various programs to encourage people to read because we are Malaysian government is aware that people are not reading less knowledgeable, and this will affect the performance of our country. Among the programs are held at each school talks about the importance of reading to enhance knowledge, sales day books, NILAM program at the school, the programs readers and many programs have been organized. This program is held by the ministry in collaboration with the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MALAYSIA and also the school. From here we can see the importance of reading to the individual, especially the students and students of higher education. To get a good future they must have a high knowledge and to get the high knowledge they must reading and have reading habits inside them. They must think reading is not just to fulfill their field in their study but they must think reading is to make a knowledge that is really treasure for them. Here we will know the higher education student skill in reading. This means that how they read, for what they read and how they interpret their reading into study or their works. Beside that we also can know the important of reading for the higher education student. How the faculties keep their student in reading habits and what programs that already being handled to keep the student reading. ORGANIZATION BACKGROUND The research of mine will be conducted in Universiti Teknologi MARA, Campus Puncak Perdana, Shah Alam. My research scope will be among student of Faculty Information Management (FPM). UITM was establishing on 14 October 1967 by Tun Abdul Razak and by the mid-70s, but at that time the campus was already in full operation. Now UITM have 26 campuses. It is including UITM Campus Puncak Perdana. Campus Puncak Perdana was establish in the year of 2005.There are 3 Faculty in this campus, it is Faculty Information Management, Faculty Account, and Faculty Technology Creative and Artistic. Faculty of Information Management, UiTM, takes pride in being the pioneer in providing professional education to fulfill the manpower need of the country in three very important fields, namely: Information Management, Library Management, and Records Management. Our academic programmes, supplemented by industry attachments, equip graduates with knowledge and skills to take on the challenging demands of managing information in various forms and in various types of organizations. Our graduates become the main driving force for the development of a knowledge-based society, transforming Malaysia into a developed nation, ensuring that the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rich reservoirs of knowledge are systematically organized, maintained and enhanced for optimum value. To achieve this aim, the programmes consist of the blended components from four main areas: Information Technologies, Professional and Technical Aspects of Information and Records Management, Public Relations, and Usersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Needs and Services. To achieve the goal of the Information Management Faculty, the student must active reading and they must have the skill to manage their reading, information, knowledge, information literacy, become the information proficiency and many more. The student must have good reading habits to become the skilled persons. Having good reading habits will make them professional in this field. The students also know how to handle the information from overload because they have skills because of their habits in reading. Although, Faculty of Information Management produces good workers on manage the information and they also produce the librarian. So, here they need to produce a program to increase the reading habits among students. Before they can conduct program, they must have the reading habit. From this they can conduct and handle student and people to have reading habits and they can give their experience on reading habits. PROBLEM STATEMENT Reading habits is very important to students especially student in higher education. They need to read more than other people. This is because students have to read to broaden their knowledge. Not to read just for school assignments, but read to give them knowledge. With this knowledge, they can complete their tasks quickly and have knowledge of their contents. In addition, reading can also prepare students to stand up and speak in front of the class, especially in the presentation works. Without reading difficult for them to speak fluently to describe the contents of their hard work and also to answer questions raised by colleagues and lecturers. Therefore, we have the knowledge to read high. However, the students reading is just to finish their assignment not for keep their knowledge. They think that finish their assignment is more important than reading for knowledge. This can give impact to the students and also to the faculty. This is because the faculty of Information Management wants to produce the workers that have a quality and having knowledge in manages information, without reading is it hard to produce this kind of workers. After the student finish their studies, they will go for works, if they not works as what the employer want this can give impact for Faculty. Employer would dispute the ability faculty in produce are capable students in the world of works. In this field of studies, need the student read more than often because from reading student will know about the management of information and what they need to do. The first problem in this area is lack awareness about the important of reading. Reading habits can give them more knowledge not only in studies but also knowledge about worlds. The second problem is students are always narrowed in reading minds. They can only be read if asked or to complete their assignment. In fact, they prefer to read scientific material about such gossip. The third problem is the limited collection materials in the library and the lack of Internet services. When there are limited collections of materials in the library so students refer to not go to library and also they will read this limited collection and this will occur problem on student reading habits. Lack of using the internet or browsing internet the student will get not enough information and they will get limited information and this will make they have a limited knowledge. The forth problem is student easy to feel bored in reading especially read books and article without any picture. They refer to read the visual form of reading materials. This kind of reading concept would not make the student feel bored easily. Besides that, visual material of reading will help the student to faster remember their readings. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are as follows: To investigate the student awareness about the important of reading. To investigate frequency of student go to library. To investigate the materials of the student often to read and borrowed from library. To investigate the using of the internet by student; is that they use the internet to learn, reading or something else. To investigate is there any program being handle at the faculty to attract the student to go library and read; is it the student attend the program. RESEARCH QUESTION The research questions of this study are as follow: What is the purpose of reading for student? What is the frequency of the student come to library? How often the student come to reading program handle by the faculty and library? How much the materials that student read per day and how many material they borrowed from library? What the material the student often use to read and study; internet or printed materials? SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH The scope of this study is about the reading habits among student of Faculty of Information Management. How important reading habits in order to fulfill the career as a student, need of the student and ths will plays a big rle to produce the quality works and leading to successful academic person. This research is being conduct among student in Faculty of Information Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, campus Puncak Perdana. The scope of this study are limited to two main areas, which is the contents of the study that is base on the title and the location of the study which is I have chose in Faculty of Information Management Campus Puncak Perdana, UITM, Shah Alam. The study of this research covers several elements. The elements are how often student go to library to make a reading for them self, how much materials they read per day, what kind material they read, and their ability in reading. The respondents for this study comprises of the students in Faculty Information Management and in this faculty there are four courses, IM220 (Library Science Management), IM221 (Information Systems Management), IM222 (Records Management), and IM223 (Resource Centers Management). This faculty located at University Teknologi MARA, Campus Puncak Perdana, Seksyen U10, Shah Alam. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Independent Variable Dependent Variable Reading Skill Reading Habits Material Library services Reading Habits Program MATERIAL READING SKILL READING HABITS READING HABITS PROGRAM LIBRARY SERVICES FIGURE 1: THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK RELATIONSHIP INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES The conceptual framework indicates the relationship which consists of the dependent and independent variables. The framework denotes the four variables which causes to single variable which were affected by the independent variable. Reading habits is dependent variable, variance in which to be explained by the four independent variables which are reading skill, materials, library services, and reading habits programs. The independent variables in this case are reading habits skills, materials, library services, and reading habit programs. Thus, it is very important of the reading habits in produce the good future and ability in works, also can make a higher knowledge. On the other hand, the dependent variable is the reading habits. It can be seen clearly that the independent variables have influenced the dependent variable. This research indicate and elaborate clearly that the reading skill, materials, library services and reading habit programs in student life as an independent variables that will affect and support the student life, works and student futures by having the reading habits among themselves as a dependent variables. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION Reading Habits According to North Regional Education Laboratory, definition of reading is, for many years, three basic definitions of reading have driven literacy programs in the United States (Foertsch, 1998). According to the first definition, learning to read means learning to pronounce words. According to the second definition, learning to read means learning to identify words and get their meaning. According to the third definition, learning to read means learning to bring meaning to a text in order to get meaning from it. But, according to the free dictionary, reading is the act or activity of one that reads. The definition of habits according to dictionary.com is, habits are an acquired behavior pattern regularly followed until it has become almost involuntary: the habit of looking both ways before crossing the street. Habits also can be define as a particular practice, custom, or usage, a dominant or regular disposition or tendency; prevailing character or quality. From both definition we can understand that reading habits is the act or activity of one that reads acquired behavior pattern as regularly followed until it has become almost involuntary.

Insight Meditation :: essays research papers

Buddhist meditation practices often emphasize mainly concentration, particularly on a certain person, place or thing. They teach the mind to focus on one point or object, which achieves strength of concentration. The results are peaceful states, and in some very rare cases are said to create supernormal powers. That is no wonder why many people steer in that direction, in hopes of achieving "superpowers". Insight meditation is quite different however, and although some degree of concentration is needed, the meditator focuses more on mindfulness of the situation. Insight is defined in the dictionary as "the capacity to discern the true nature of a situation". The basis of insight meditation is the four foundations of mindfulness. They include contemplation of the body, contemplation of feelings, contemplation of the mind-state and contemplation of mind-objects. To achieve mindfulness one must try to be aware of these foundations as they exist in their bodies. For example to be mindful of the body, it is necessary to be aware of breathing in, breathing out, posture, bodily movements inwardly and outwardly etc. One must be conscious of mind-objects such as desire, and understand hoe feelings like that come about and how they are eliminated. To understand mindfulness as simply as possible, one can look at the difference between an unmindful person and the opposite. Everyday we see people who are unmindful of their actions, unmindful of their movements. Someone on the street who steps into a large puddle is unmindful of walking, such as someone who slips and falls. The state of mind of this person is unclear and possibly confused. We can compare this to ourselves in everyday life. Almost everybody has moments of calmness and moments of panic in their lives. When we are calm and composed, our minds are bright and clear, and our actions involve more thought. If we were to take a long walk on a desolate beach, with not a single soul around, we would have a higher degree of mindfulness than say, a walk to the subway station. A walk along the beach is much more peaceful, thus easier for us to achieve that mindfulness. On the other hand most of us have experienced a time in our lives when we have been panic-stricken, for whatever reason. In those cases, are mind is cluttered, we cannot think clearly and make rational decisions. In a way we are separate from our mind

Eating Disorders :: Anorexia Nervosa

Most people can hardly feel hunger nowadays, and food has very different meaning depends on people. For some people, food will be as an act of nurture, food as memory, and happiness but for other people food will be food as guilty, as sin, and ban. In present time, although their weight is normal, women keep trying to lose their weight, because they want to show thin. And also long time ago, women did not think about their weight, but in present time’s women want to lose their weight. Women need to rethink about losing their weight, because when women cook in kitchen it is the most beautiful looks. Most women think about diet 365days, although she is thin and skinny women. This is nowadays women looks. However I can understand the thinking of present women, because I am a woman. I know food is good, and food always give to happiness and memory, but women could not eat their fill, because they do not want to shock next day. It is responsible for developing of mass media, if media does not develop then, we do not know standard of women, whether is skinny or not. However, mass media has been developed, we cannot stop the diet. When you see a television, all actresses are thin and beautiful. When you buy clothes, there is more choice of buying for clothes, when you are thin. That is why women decide to diet, because all of women’s wish become a thin and skinny girl, and buy clothes whatever they want to. Unfortunately, some people get disease which called eating disorder. From the Wikipedia, the definition of ‘eating disorder’ is a compulsion to eat, or avoid eating, that negatively affects both one's physical and mental health (Wikipedia). Too many people who work in modeling, get this disease, because a model is wearing the designer’s clothes and show the people how look like, so model and designer believe that thin model can show clothes well. Therefore many numbers of designers prefer thin model. However, several models were died from low weight. Therefore, the accusation of modeling said that designer cannot work with low weight of models, but still designers look for skinny model. There is important point as well. One of article shows the data which came from National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Association of Disorders, ‘there are many teenager have disorder.

Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein Essays -- essays research papers

Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein Responsibility is the key to experimentation, those lacking the maturity fail. In Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein experiments in creating life. However creating a monster, the reader finds out that Victor is not mature enough to handle the responsibility of his actions. Even though Victor Frankenstein is the creator/father of the monster, he has characteristics of a child and the monster has the maturity of an adult. When Henry Clerval arrives at Frankenstein’s door after his experimenting, he experiences Victor’s child-like actions. As Victor explains, â€Å"I was unable to remain for a single instant in the same place; I jumped over the chairs, clapped my hands, and laughed aloud.†(36) This shows the sheer giddiness of Victor after being isolated from friends and family for months working on his experiments. Victor was immature when handling the isolation so he bottled up emotions which were let loose when the sight of his friend arrived. Frankenstein even mentions that his actions are child-like when he enters his home. â€Å"I threw the door open forcibly, as children are accustomed to do when they expect a spectre to stand in waiting for them on the other side.†(37) Like a child does, victor could not control his feelings and thus acted out in an irregular manner for an adult. After Frankenstein creates the monster, his actions, also became that of a scared child. â€Å"One hand was stretched out, seemingly to detain me, but I escaped, ...

Air Traffic Controller

Air Traffic Controller Essay Air Traffic Controller is an occupation were you work with pilots and guide them safely from the time they push back to when they park at the gate. Being an Air Traffic Controller is a difficult job, they have a big responsibility which is to keep everyone safe in the skies. They are responsible for the safety, separation and sequencing of aircraft. I was told that in the tower that this is a job where you have to be alert to all of the surroundings, weather and pilots doing what they are supposed to be doing. This job is not like some people say it is.It’s not easy; this job takes a lot of training and a lot of patience with the pilots. In ATC you have three positions: the first is â€Å"Clearance Delivery† is when the pilot calls the tower to request his clearance to their destination. The pilot calls clearance and he’d say the type of aircraft they are flying, were his parked at and their destination. For example: â€Å"Vieques 89 2 requesting clearance to Boriquen† then the controller tells the pilot: â€Å"Vieques 892 you are cleared to Boriquen via the assigned route and gives them an assigned transponder code. The Boriquen airport is the name for Aguadilla airport or in the aviation language BQN is the three letter identifier. In Luis Munoz Marin international airport the larger companies like Delta, JetBlue, United and others have a service they pay for. It’s a third party company that gives them the clearance information in a short computer message that is sent to the aircraft when the pilot requests a clearance without ever having to talk to the clearance controller. After this happens the pilots contact ground control. Ground control is one of the most difficult positions in this type of work.Ground control is the controller the pilot calls to ask for their clearance for pushback and taxi. The pilot does this â€Å"Delta 422 requesting clearance to pushback and the gate number they are parked at†, and then the controller tells the pilot â€Å"Delta 422 cleared to push (the direction he is going) and to call when ready to taxi†. Once they are call that they are ready the ground controller will issue instructions on how to get to the runway. Ex â€Å"Taxi to runway 10 via Hotel 6 right turn on Hotel and hold short of runway 10†.Also the controller has the responsibility of sequencing aircraft correctly and all other movements in the FAA controlled areas. Also the controller is responsible for issuing taxi instructions to arriving aircraft as well. For example the pilot calls ground and says: â€Å"Delta 597on H9 Requesting taxi to the gate†, The Ground Controller responds â€Å"Delta 597 take N3 and right on to N to the assigned gate†. Ground control is not an easy job and is not an easy position to train on, this position when you train on it could get a little difficult and busy.But is a process that every controller has to go thr ough because an Air Traffic Controller has to work any of the assigned positions when they receive their certificate, and the next position is Local Tower. Local Tower is when and a pilot calls and request clearance for landing or for takeoff. When they are going to takeoff they call the tower and say: â€Å"Delta 422 holding short of runway 10 ready for takeoff† and then the controller working the tower position will tell the pilot if he is cleared to takeoff â€Å"Delta 422 you are cleared for takeoff† or the controller might say â€Å"Delta 422 line up and wait†.Then when the airplane is out and climbing the tower calls the aircraft and says: â€Å"Delta 422 contact departure†. Tower has the responsibility of every airplane coming in and going out of the airport. Tower has the responsibility of all of the airplanes in their airspace and it’s their responsibility of any aircraft flying around or inside the controlled airspace. This line of work i s not for everybody and the people that currently work them are sometimes stressed and tired.I like this profession because I enjoy working with pilots and the aviation community as a whole. My favorite position is Tower, because I can work with airplanes. I like this position because at times it can get a busy and you have to be on top of everything that is going on. In conclusion all of the positions are good as long as you can do something you love and truly have passion for. The only thing I have to say is I can’t wait to work in ATC.

Measuring academic proficiency under the NCLB.

The No Child odd Behind (NCLB) Act was designed to turn up the exercise gap among laid-back naturalise and low performing children, especi tout ensembley the gainment gap among minority and non-minority students and between deprived children and their much advantaged peers (NCLB, 2001). The key components of the be come be the adequate yearly programs (AYP), and the yearly measurable objectives (AMO). The AYP is the working principle of the crook and it is seen as the mechanism for which all in tacits and all students meet the analogous academician standards in nurture and mathematicsematics by enlighten year 2013-2014.The AMO indicates the performance of the drill in terms of put acrossion in reading and mathematics tests. Moreover, the lawfulness identifies student subgroups worry economically disadvantaged students, students form major(ip) racial and ethnic groups, students with disabilities and students with restrict position development. The law in li ke manner specifically requires that 95% of the total number of students in a nurture and 95% of to apiece one subgroup to effect the reading and math standardized tests, slice the fix is tasked to determine its own AMO targets and the marginal number of students in each subgroup who ar call for to meet or cash in ones chips the AMO targets (NCLB, 2001).The AYP requirements apply to Title 1 and non-title 1 rail that receive federal reenforcement. Schools that do non serve pass AYP for two or more years get out be labeled as in contain of improvement and ar sanctioned. The NCLB employs a conjunctive accountability clay wherein each subgroup of students be required to ambit the stripped-down trains of proficiency in math and reading heedless of their previous proficiency levels, thus indoors 12 years, all students should reach one hundred% proficiency.NCLB is based on the idea that high expectations for exploit would result to higher au thustic exertion levels. By requiring each school to reach a uniform level of proficiencywould plastered that in a given period, all schools and all students would cast mastered the aforesaid(prenominal) skills and learned the same knowledge in reading and mathematics. The NCLB measures progress through a item-by-item recollect proficiency pip across levels and subgroup. However, this arrange of mind does non consider the variety of American students and their backgrounds.For example, requiring each subgroup to meet the minimum typify proficiency score would look into that the school would not reach the AYP. victimisation a iodin mean proficiency score to measure performance is not a true measure of school improvement nor student performance. Although, NCLB pick out convinced(p) visions, its method of attaining its objectives undermines what it is supposed to do.The law treats each school and each student as a single and uniform entity when our fiat is composed of variant races and backgrounds, not steady taking into account the difference between the rich and the poor. Even if the law identify the subgroup of students, it still however assess each group in terms of the single mean proficiency score which is the same as implementing a one surface fits all policy.The problem with NCLB is that it asks schools to be assessed against a single mean proficiency score, wherein if a school run offs to reach this score, would indicate that the school is not performing as it should be in accordance with federal and postulate rules. The use of a single mean proficiency score says that each school is treated as satisfactorys, however the world is differences in each school is present.For example, different districts cater to different students and since education have been the purview of the state they have also different standards on accountability and accreditation. The schools seek to attain the level of performance required by the state and in cases where meas ures of school performance differ from the NCLB would say that schools are making progress in the state level plainly is not up to standard in the national level.Students also would be burdened by universe pitted against a single score that may or may not be realistically attainable, and if they fail to reach the mark they would have caused the failure of the undefiled school. Another problem with the NCLB is that by identifying subgroup of students and requiring them to achieve the mean proficiency score puts them in a bind.The subgroups set by the law in some cases could be an supernumerary repetition of the groups, for example most Blacks and Latinos are economically disadvantaged, and that most of these groups also have lower mean proficiency gobs. hence if a school is composed of many another(prenominal) poor students, of different racial groups, of students with limited side proficiency, then this school bequeath surely not reach that mean proficiency score.The NCLB is not friendly to racial groups, economically disadvantaged children, children with disabilities and children with limited English proficiency. It is common knowledge and even back up by statistics that those who are identified as economically disadvantaged are those who endure to a minority racial group. In which case they will be asked to reach the same proficiency score twice, then they will be labeled as under performing and the school as needing improvement.It will compromise what the students have courtly in a school year, because weakness to reach the mark is not equal to no improvement or no discipline. As for the parents, they would likely think that NCLB is commodity for their children as it ensures equality between groups in terms of academic achievement. However, if their state certifies that their children are performing to expectations like in Virginia and California, but the federal government says otherwise would maxim confusion and distraught among parents. Schools and districts complain that victimization a single mean proficiency score to measure performance is not realistic and appropriate. It does not take into experimental condition that high-poverty schools have students with less academic formulation than those with low-poverty schools. Moreover, by using a system of conjunctive accountability dooms schools from reaching AYP.The soon term effects of NCLB on low-income students and of pretext is that thy will b subjected to more requirements in school or additional interventions that would modify them to reach the desired improvement of scores as well as being pressured to make that mark. The long-term effect is that when they fail to reach AYP and cause the school to flake out out on the AYP race, then they will be blamed for it and probably will be faced with angry members of the community.When schools still fail to make the mark and is identified as needs improvement and probably would be given less funding the more the low-income and racial groups become more disadvantaged, instead of closing the academic achievement gap, the NCLB does not even consider what academic achievement is.I think that NCLB was innate(p) out of the sincere desire to make sure that our students have the same level of academic proficiency even for math and English only. Whoever drafted the bill however did not have a clear taking into custody of achievement, intelligence and environmental factors that are pop out and parcel of learning and education.It is also left(p) to think that as diverse a population as we have we regard to be pitted against a single score when what is more important than the ground level or score is actual learning and the evidence of improvement across the years. Thus, as a law that seeks to close the achievement gap between groups of students, the NCLB divides and places the minority groups in a more difficult slur and at a more disadvantaged position.

Silicones And Solar Power Engineering Essay

AbstractionThis discoer aims to discourse the assailable of solar originator and silicone polymers. In that it aims to discourse the education of solar vim extraction railway locomotiveering every last(predicate)(prenominal)(prenominal)place the clip f head start-class honours degree rate of 15th Century BC to show cardinal dozen hours. Besides al low gear-spiritedd in this study corpuscleic number 18 brief treatments of the oddballs of solar collectors curtly in engagement and the developing engine rooms in this field.It win addresses the subject of silicones. First it de per centum dissect the organisation of silicones. The versatile uses involved in the industry, and polish of Silicones. one(a) of the purposes of this study is to discourse the multi- hold upality of Silicones and their utilizations in industry, and specifically to consider to the issue of the usage of silicones in the solar Industry.The concluding purpose of this study is to discourse the thinkable usage of silicones in PV faculties, in special(a) their usage as a finis for solar panels. Besides it aims to reason that the usage of silicones will lengthen the life of solar faculties by giving equal surety to the solar cells.The study is innovationd on seek carried disclose relevant to the subjects above mentioned. Research was carried come out of the closet utilizing several(a) web sites, a TCE article and books, subsequently course creditd in the study.The consequence of this study is the look carried out on the subject.The psyche finality of this study is the recommendation for the hereafter usage of silicones in the mathematical output of PV faculties.IntroductionThe cover songic of this study is to analyze the subject of solar effect and potency for silicones in the state.The chief stock be handled in this study is whether the usage of silicones is a exe rationaliseable method for bettering the life anticipation of solar faculties.solar zippo is a topic in reality much in on-line(prenominal) treatment as renewable capability Begins to be viewed with much favors, payable to the frights of a practical deficit of fossil fuels, and an change magnitude fright of the inauspicious effect of the combustion of these fuels.The imprisoned of this text file is to fore consideration the possibility of solar nothing as existence a feasible set out of vigor in the hereafter and to foreground the betterments that kindle be cook to solar cells, and thereby solar faculties by utilizing silicones as subdivision of their industry.The range of this papers extends to a brief treatment of the festering of solar energy engineering over the clip period of fifteenth Century BC to show twenty-four hours.It at any rate briefly trades with the subject of the formation of silicones and their true usage.The research for this subject was carried out over a period of 10 hebdomads.Theory solar EnergyHistoryThere is a favorite belief that solar post has save been round for the past four or five decennaries. further in world it has been around for much longer. allow us get down with the earliest reference of the usage of the Sun for the benefits of adult male, in the fifteenth Century BC.Though it may be cipher more than a myth, there is reference of the appear Statues of the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenkotep III. He claimed that his statues operated when the beam in their secondary dwelling houses expanded after scene to sunshine.An oppositewise possible myth sing the usage of solar power is 212 BC. In one of the most dramatic of premature coatings of solar energy it is said that the Grecian address Archimedes. H girdleonizing to legend he utilize a burning at the stake mirror mirror to put the ships of the occupying roman print ships a set down. He did this eon they were however some 121.4 ft glum.From Archimedes we go on into the s planeteenth Century ADThe starting time application of solar energy after the autumn of the papistic Empire was in 1615. Salomon de Caux constructed the first machination to be categorized as a solar engine . He constructed a device made of icing lenses, a supporting pose and an air-tight alloy vas incorporating piss and air. Its map was merely to roleplay forwards a little water supply springtime when the air pepperinessed up during operation. It was considered more a plaything than a workhorse device.The physicist Athanasius Kircher ( 1601-1608 ) experimented during the mid 17th light speed with mirrors. He start outed to put fire to timbers at a distance in an attempt to animate the so 1,800 twelvemonth old technique of Archimedes.Where Kircher worked with mirrors, a German mathematician, Ehrenfried Von Tschirnhaus ( 1651-1708 ) focuse his work on lens type concentrators. He designed and constructed lenses up to nearly 30 inches in diameter. Using these he was capable of browseing ceramic presss with concentra ted sunshine.With this we take escape of the 17th century and switch our focal superlative to the eighteenth century. unrivalled of the most active digits in the eighteenth century with respects to solar energy was a Gallic scientist, George Louis Lecrec Buffon ( 1707-1788 ) . He was responsible for a series of multiple-mirror solar furnaces, the bountifulst consisting of some 360 little dickens-dimensional mirrors, all separately focussed on a commons point.In 1747, in the Gallic violet Gardens, Buffon utilize 168 mirrors to light a heap of wood from a distance of about 195 ft. Buffon concluded that Archimedes could in detail generate set fire to the Roman ships, just he estimated that he could non hold by operator of with(p) so from a distance bullyer than 150ft. He base this decision about strictly on the premise that Archimedes was utilizing engineering far inferior to his ain, and and then could non hold equalled his ain device.Regardless of Buffon s decision the inquiry sing Archimedes Burning Mirror heretofore remains open. In 1977 D. L. Simms wrote in Burning principal Scientific Am. 236 ( 6 ) 64 ( 1977 ) 2, that there segmentic number 18 ample historical, scientific, and military evidences for reasoning that Archimedes did non utilize a combustion mirror as a arm of war . Simms felt that Archimedes would hold been capable of ciphering the glad aggregate necessary to make the occupation, and that Archimedes would non hold apply a method of much(prenominal) low take on of success.Claude Poillet, a Gallic mathematician-scientist was one of the first passel to concern himself with mensurating sunlight strength. He estimated that the useable energy from the Sun per squ ar pace of the Earth s airfoil between the equator and about 43A N or S latitude was about 1/6 thermic unit per second, which corresponds to about one HP 3.A Swiss naturalist, Nicholas de Saussure ( 1740-1799 ) , conducted the first enter experiments in utilizing solar beams for cookery intents. His solar oven was called a groove box . Its composing consisted of multiple isolated glass sifts positioned over a menacingened surface. The bottom and sides of it were surrounded with insularity. It was recorded to hold achieved a temperature of 320AF.The ordinal century brought away a somewhat contrary solar oven.It was introduced by an English uranologist, John Fredrick Herschel. He build as little solar oven duration on a trip to Africa s mantelpiece of Good Hope. It was constructed of mahogany painted black. He so buried it in the sand for intents of insularity. The lone portion of it left exposed was a dual burnished screen. This served to minimise heat handout from the top, man still allowing in sunshine. The oven is reported to hold reached a maximal temperature of 240AF 1.In 1839 A. Edmund Becquerel, a Gallic physicist maiden gather uped the photovoltaic consequence while experimenting with metal home bases . He discovered that some stuffs were photoconductive and could make little galvanizing charges when exposed to light4. thus far the first photovoltaic cell was non built until 1882, by an Ameri mickle discoverer Charles Fritts. He coated the semiconductive material Se with an bluely thin tooshie of gold to organize the junctions5.One of the most prolific solar energy innovators was a Gallic physics professor Augustin Mouchot ( 1825-1911 ) . Mouchot was responsible for originating 20 old ages of authorities funded experimentation with reflector type concentrators in 1860. His attempts in the field led to the construct, design and building of the first reflector devices based on the form of a abbreviated cone. These devices atomic number 18 now cognize as axicons. They were intended to concentrate sunlight along the redbird axis of the cone instead than its predecessor devices which were designed to concentrate visible beam of light to a individual(a) point focal point.M ouchot built some(prenominal) solar powered steam engines between 1864 and 1882. Mouchot s reflectors were built of silver plated sheet metals, appropriately mounted so that the full device could be easy off-key to follow the place of the Sun. The collection surfaces ( of a true Mouchot conclave ) had an country of 40ft2 and was machine-accessible to a kettledrum which received about 87 % of the Sun s heat 3.Due to the available engineering of the clip the devices were machine-accessible to extremely inefficient steam engines, which yielded overall low domain presentation.Though the eighteenth century brought the superlative native structure of work on the solar energy forepart and the nineteenth century maxim the superb Mouchot and his innovation of the abbreviated cone influence reflector.It was the twentieth century that brought solar energy engineering to new degrees of variegation. In 1900 and 1911, obviouss were issued for sub-atmospheric-pressure solar engine s, to E. H. McHenry. These engines apply works stills to learn forwards power. Water was used to go around up heat and a on the mull over fumble of lower boil point than H2O ( was used ) to drive 1.E. C. Ketcham received a patent for a similar agreement in 1905. The two- tranquil administration was introduced to avoid the low dexterity jobs which had been find by Mouchot.The first experiments with t come down home base aggregators began in 1902. They were carried out by H. E. Willsie and John Boyle, younger The level home base device was a rattling shallow box with a black internal surface, a clear glass screen home base. The device was cooled by some variant of transit gas flow commonly H2O. This type of device does non concentrate sunshine as do lens-type and mirror type aggregators. However it is able to pull off up and use diffuse sunshine every post well(p) as direct light beam, indeed their device was able to run over more widely changing conditions conditions. It was reported that though their device was built utilizing petroleum stuffs, its public presentation was such that even in cold natural October conditions ( temperatures ) were juicy plenty to zap sulfur dioxide for the engine. 1In 1907 research began on level home base aggregators by Frank Schuman, of Philadelphia. Again, like Willsie and Boyle, H2O was used as the heat transportation fluid and a 2nd fluid was used to drive a steam engine. The fluid used was ether. His installing was located in Tacony, Pennsylvania, and included 1200ft2 of compendium surface. The engine unquestionable 3.5 horsepower, with a boiler temperature of 240A F. Encouraged by the public presentation of his units Shuman fixed the Eastern Sun Power caller-up Limited in 1908.Types of solar Collectors Presently in delectationFlat Plate Collectorhypertext f ar communications protocol //www.solarserver.com/uploads/pics/flachkollektor-e.gifA level home base aggregator consists of an absorb er, a bluff screen, a frame, and insularity. 6Traditionally an iron-poor solar synthetic rubber glass is used as a perspicuous screen. This is because it transmits a great sum of the short-wave visible radiation spectrum. Simultaneously, merely very small of the heat emitted by the absorber escapes the screen due to the nursery consequence. Besides the artless screen prevents track and breezes from transporting the collected heat off, by convection. Together with the frame, the screen protects the absorber from inauspicious conditions conditions.6Typical frame stuffs include aluminum and galvanized brand, and on occasion frames ar made of fibreglass-rein campaignd plastic.The intent of the insularity at the dorsum of the absorber and on the side walls is to drop the heat loss through conductivity. Usually insularity is polyurethane foam or mineral wool, sometimes mineral role insulating stuffs like glass wool, stone wool, and fiberglass is used. modify loss foundation be reduced in spite of appearance the frame by convection air basis be heart and souled out of the aggregator tubing. Such aggregators goat so be called evacuated- tubing aggregators. These must be re-evacuated one time every one to lead years.6This realizes us to the subject of evacuated tubing aggregators.Evacuated Tube Collectorshypertext channel protocol //www.solarserver.com/typo3temp/pics/5fb2adc895.gifIn this type of vacuity aggregator, the absorber stripper is located in an evacuated and force per unit field of operations cogent evidence glass tubing. The heat transportation fluid flow through the absorber straight in a U-tube or in counter- trustworthy in a tubing in tubing system. The solar aggregator is composed of some(prenominal) serially inter machine-accessible, or tubes connected to each other via manifold. 6A heat pipe aggregator incorporates a particular fluid which begins to zap even at low temperatures. The steam rises in the single heat pipes and warms up the carries fluid in the chief pipe by agencies of a heat money modifier. The condensed liquid so flux back into the base of the heat pipe.The pipes must be slantd at a specific angle above the horizontal to guarantee that optimum degrees of the part of evaporating and distilling maps.There be two types of aggregator connector to the solar circulation system. Either the heat money changer extends straight into the manifold, and called a riled association , or it is connected to the manifold by a heat- conducting stuff, and called a dry connexion .A dry connexion allows the exchange of single tubings without necessitating the voidance of the full system of its fluid. Evacuated tubings toss the advantage that they work expeditiously.An advantage offered by evacuated tubings is that they work expeditiously with senior high absorber temperatures and with low radiation. high temperatures likewise may be obtained for applications such as hot H2O warming, steam production, and air conditioning.6Solar panelhypertext tape transport protocol //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Photovoltaic_panel_at_the_National_Solar_Energy_Center_in_Israel.jpg/220px-Photovoltaic_panel_at_the_National_Solar_Energy_Center_in_Israel.jpg( PV cellsA connected together in a solar panel. )A solar panel is a aggregation of inter connect solar cells which argon besides cognize as photovoltaic cells. Solar panels enkindle besides be used as constituents of larger photovoltaic systems used to bring forth and provide galvanic power for commercial and domestic applications.Due to the fact that a individual solar cell can merely bring forth a trammel sum of power, many installings contain a several panels. A typical photovoltaic system contains an line up of solar panels, an inverter, complecting wires and a battery. 11Photovoltaic CellsPhotovoltaicsA ( PV ) is a method of bring forthing galvanic power by convertingA solar radiation intoA direct current electr icityA utilizing semiconductorsA that exhi spotlight the photovoltaic consequence. 12On exposure to light electromotive force or a corresponding electric current is created in a stuff. The photovoltaic consequence is straight related to the photoelectric consequence. But the two parts be several(predicate) and should ever be distinguished. In the photoelectric consequence, negatrons argon ejected from a stuff s surface upon exposure to radiation of a sufficient energy.In the photovoltaic consequence nevertheless there is a difference. The negatrons generated are rapturered between different sets within the stuff ( i.e. from the valance board to conduction sets ) , ensuing in the physique up of a electromotive force between two electrodes.In most photovoltaic applications the radiation, is sunlight and due to this ground the devices are known as solar cells.In the instance of a p-n junction solar cell, upon light the stuff creates an electric current as stirred up negatrons and the staying holes are swept in different waies by constitutional electric field of the depletion part.Photovoltaic power propagation employsA solar panelsA composed of a figure of cells incorporating a photovoltaic stuff.Materials soon used for photovoltaics include monocrystaline Si, poly crystal clear Si, formless Si, Cd telluride, and Cu In selenide/sulphide.P V Cell diagramSolar panels use light energy, i.e. photons, from the Sun to bring forth electricity utilizing the photovoltaic consequence. The burden transporting member of a faculty can either be the top bed or the back bed. 11The redbrick photovoltaic cell was developed in 1954 atA cost Laboratories.A This extremely efficient solar cell was initiatory developed byA Daryl Chapin, A Calvin Souther FullerA and Gerald Pearson in 1954 utilizing a diffused Si p-n junction.The interrelated solar cells are normally embedded in crystalline ethene vinyl ethanoate, fitted with an aluminium or chromium steel steel frame and cover ed with crystalline glass on the front side to do a solar faculty.The bulk of solar faculties use wafer-based crystalline silicone cells or thin-film cells based on Cd telluride or Si.The cells must so be connected galvanizingly to one other and to the remainder of the system. These electrical connexions can be made in two ways. They are made either in series to accomplish a coveted end product electromotive force and/ or in parallel to summate a coveted current beginning capableness.A Silicones can be used in two applications during the fabrication procedure.First they are used for shut the cell into the frame and secondly as an trade method to ethylene vinyl ethanoate for encapsulating the solar cell.Coevalss of Solar cellsIn the last few old ages several new photovoltaic engineerings have been researched, with an purpose to casualty as effectual alternate to silicon-based solar cells. The research and development in this country by and large aims to supply higher might and lower be per W of electricity generated. virtually in the solar cell industry place different propagations of solar cell engineering.First coevals solar cells Solar cells made o semiconducting p-n junctions.Second coevals Solar cells Solar cells based on first coevals cells bur focussed on supply downing the cost f the same by using thin movie engineerings.Third coevals The third coevals is slightly equivocal in the engineerings that it encompasses. primarily it tends to include among others, PV cell systems utilizing multi-layer ( tandem ) cells made of formless Si or Ga arsenide, non-semiconductor engineerings ( including polymer-based cells and biomimetics ) , while more theoretical developments are still in consideration. These include frequence modulation, hot- bearer effects and other multiple-carrier expulsion, quantum point engineerings, dye-synthesized solar cells and upconversion engineerings.Presently the theoretical speed reflect of the transition of sunshine t o electricity is 33 % for a standard solar cell. But the Carnot bound for the same is about 95 % . This opens up a windowpane of chance for heightening the energy of solar cells two or three times provided that assorted constructs can be put into usage for bettering efficiency without bearing high costs. These cell engineerings have the possible to get the better of the Shockley-Queisser bound of 31-41 % power efficiency for individual bandgap solar cells. This is what has been attempted by 3rd coevals solar cells, alternate stuffs to tackle the solar energy. 10Innovalight is one of the Bay Area-based Startups that have pioneered the development of silicon nanoink-based solar cells. Beginnings claim, lab efficiencies are every bit high as 36 % . sure Use of Solar PowerPresently Solar energy is going more and more popular due to its sustainability, its little demand for vexation and its long term cost-effectiveness. 8Presently the energy collected via the Sun is put to many utiliz ations. The chief beingWaterPart of the solar energy harnessed is used to pump H2O in distant countries. In peculiar it is used to power off-grid desalinization workss.IndustrySolar energy has been used to power Television and piano tuner repeater Stationss, which are automated Stationss that transmit signals ) . It is besides used to power beacons, buoys and aircraft warning visible radiations on edifices and other constructions.HeatSolar energy can be used to heat residential places, whereby the energy is used to heat the H2O supply and, curiously in Florida, swimming pools are heated in this mode. A photovoltaic cell is installed on the detonator to roll up solar energy and is used to warm a heat transportation fluid that is used to heat the H2O itself. Transportation system Increasingly, solar energy is being used to power public transit vehicles such as jitneys, streetcars and light-rails. Plans for solar-powered coach shelters are in the plants every bit good .Consumer Me rchandisesSmall appliance, such as reckoners and tickers, often use solar energy.Life SpanCurrent solar cells have as effectual life mates of nigh 20 to 25 old ages. Their value and electrical power end product lessenings steadily over clip. This occurs due to have on and rupture of usage. As the outer protective coating of glass transgresss off the internal constituents go more susceptible to damage.20Theory SiliconesSiliconesDefinition SiliconesA are inert, man-made compounds with a broad assortment of signifiers and utilizations. They are typically heat-resistant andA rubber-like. 13FormationSilicones are organise by the transition of chlorosilane monomers into polymer merchandises.This normally involves 2-4 proceduresHydrolysis plus killingAcid decrease of the hydrolysateIn some instancesConversion of hydrolysate to cyclic oligomerspolymerizationEquilibrationOr Bodying of the hydrolysate to cyclic oligomersDeprivingDevolatilizationOr Solvent remotionHydrolysis is a chemic al answerion in the procedure of which molecules of H2O are split into hydrogen cat-ions ( H+ , referred to asA protons for convenience ) and hydroxide anions ( OHa? ) , in the procedure of the chemical mechanism.A This is a type of reaction used to break off down certain polymers, specifically those made by a step-growth polymerisation. Such a procedure is normally catalysed either acerb or base. A common acidulated used is sulfuric acid ( H2SO4 ) , and a common base used is sodium supply oxide ( NaOH ) . 14, 15Silicon ProductionSilicon does non be on its ain in nature. Generally it is bonded with O, organizing stuffs such as sand and vitreous silicon dioxide and granite stone. The silicon- O bond in vitreous silica is reputably so stable it can merely be broken by white heat. 9Silicon manufacturers cut down top-quality vitreous silica sand to elemental Si via a carbo-thermic smelting procedure command for cut downing sand to elemental SiThis reaction occurs in an electric fur nace at & lt 1,400AC ( & lt 2,600AF ) .In it the C monoxide gas ( g ) leaves the furnace so the Si can non respond with the C to organize Si dioxide.The liquefied elemental Si, which is about 99 per centum pure, is so cooled and broken into balls.When used in silicone production, the Si is ground into a all right pulverization to increase the surface country available for reactions.Methylchloride productionMethylchloride is produced by distilling methyl group alcohol with hydrochloric acidFormula for distilling methyl alcohol with hydrochloric acid to bring forth methylchlorideTwo methyl groups ( CH3 ) must splice to each Si atom to bring forth one molecule of dimethyldichlorosilane. Dimethyldichlorosilane is the basicA silicone edifice skirt. 9Synthesization of chlorosilanesChlorosilanes are synthesized in a fluid bed nuclear reactor at temperatures runing from 250 to 300AC ( 482 to 572AF ) and at force per unit areas of 1 to 5 bars.The methyl chloride ( CH3Cl ) flows through a fluidized bed of Si metal powder.9The reaction, is catalyzed by a copper-based accelerator, generates a complex combine of methyl chlorosilanesFormula for the chlorosilanes synthesis reactionThe methyl chlorosilane mix containsA big sum of dimethyldichlorosilane ( Me2SiCl2 ) the primaryA edifice blockA moderate sum of methyltrichlorosilane ( MeSiCl3 )Some trimethylchlorosilane ( Me3SiCl )A little sum of methyldichlorosilane ( MeHSiCl2 )Plus smaller sums of other silanesThe chlorosilanes are so separated from one other through the procedure ofA distillment.Distillation of chlorosilanesDistillation is a procedure in which a liquid undergoes two stage alterations. One in which it transforms from a liquid to a gas and a 2nd where it reforms into a liquid.Each of the chlorosilanes produced during theA synthesisA signifier has a alone boiling point. These boiling points are used to purify the chlorosilanes from one another based on the figure of Cl atoms attached to the molecule.Bec ause the boiling points of the assorted chlorosilanes are so near together, really tall distillment columns are required to split them.Once separated, the chlorosilanes are ready to be glowering into utile siloxanes through the procedure ofA hydrolysis and condensation.9Hydrolysation and Condensation of ChlorosilanesFirst H2O is added to dimethyldichlorosilane ( the principal chlorosilane ) , as this done the two react to organize disilanol and hydrochloric acid. This occurs because O feels a greater cute force for Si than Cl and chlorine feels a greater attractive force for H than O ( Me = CH3 ) . 9demand elevations textThe disilanols formed are unstable and strongly attracted to one another. These are so catalyzed by the hydrochloric acid, where they condense into polydimethylsiloxanes -which are molecules incorporating a prime of Si atoms bonded to oxygen atoms.Hydrolysis and condensation occur spontaneously, at the same time, and really rapidly. These reactions are a unint errupted ageless chemical science machine, ensuing in a mixture ofCyclic ringsA ( with 3-6 reiterating SiO units )Linear chainsA ( with 30-50 reiterating SiO units )The cyclic and additive oligomers ( mini-polymers ) are separated from one another and distilled into cuts based on the figure of SiO units in the concatenation. Some are used as they are ( cyclosiloxane and low-molecular-weightA silicone fluids, for illustration ) . But the bulk are furtherA polymerized and finishedA to make a broad array of stuffs with an astonishing scene of public presentation capabilities.16Silicone PropertiesSilicones can be considered a molecular loanblend between glass and thoroughgoing additive polymers. In which if as Si atom is bonded merely to oxygen atoms the construction formed is an inorganic glass called a Q-type Si. If one O atom is replaced with an R-group, such as a methyl, ethyl or phenyl, so a rosin or silesquioxane, or T-type Si, is formed. This type of stuff is more flexible th an a Q-type stuff. Hereafter if two O atoms are replaced by organic groups, so the ensuing stuff formed is a really flexible additive polymer, known as D-type Si.19This increased flexibleness found with diminish cross-linking consequences in a low glass portrayal of the additive polymers. Due to this low glass departure silicones typically besides have a low modulus one time formulated and cured, specifically when compared to organic polymers. The modulus in additive silicones can be quite a low by and large due to low crosslink denseness and in this signifier silicones frequently function to alleviate emphasis due a mismatch of coefficients of thermic enlargement, between two constituents in many applications. 19Derived MerchandisesLubricants Silicones are used to deduce a dry-set lubricator is delivered with a dissolver bearer to perforate the mechanism. The declaration evaporates go forthing a clear movie that lubricates but does non pull soil and grit every bit much as tra ditional moisture lubricator. various silicones are used as several types of lubricating oils. They are used for bike ironss, air-soft gun parts and a broad stretch of other mechanisms.Poting Potting is a procedure InA electronics in which a complete circuit assembly is filled with a solid compound for foeman to floor, and quiver, and for exclusion of wet and caustic agents.17Silicone is frequently used as a potting agent. Encasing electronic equipment in this mode improves the stableness of the equipment against, automatonlike daze, electrical daze, radiation, and quiver. different utilizations of silicone includeRainproof coatings Silicone movies can be applied to silica-based substrates like glass used as a signifier of insularity. Fabrics may be coated or impregnated with silicone to organize a strong, rainproof complex such asA silnylon. Besides silicone caulk can be used as a basic sealer against H2O and air penetration.http //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb /3/37/Caulking.jpg/160px-Caulking.jpgSilicones as Solar EncapsulantsLED, Photovoltaic and other light photosensitive devices require UV stable non yellowing encapsulants for protection and meliorate light transmittal.Optically Clear Silicones are trump out suited to this type of operation. These can be found in different scopes of hardness, viscousness, mix ratio, room temperature remedy, and heat remedy. This allows them to be adaptable and to run efficaciously in different conditions.Protection offered by SiliconesSolar cells are presently being utilize in parts every bit diverse as Germany and the Sahara. In consequence this means that the silicones need to be able to offer protection against really diverse inauspicious climes.Silicones need to be able to protect against the effects of sustained rain showers such as those happening in Asia, during monsoon season, while besides being able to prolong unceasing legal injury caused by desert air currents. adjacent this Protect ion is besides required from the effects of unvarying alterations in the clime.One illustration of the gradual simulate of stuff is due to Aeolian or wind eroding. This type of eroding occurs about chiefly in the desert, where many industrial graduated table solar workss are installed.18ConsequencesFrom my research I have garner thatCurrent solar engineering relies to a great extent on p-n junction photovoltaic cells.The current coevals of solar engineering is being implemented across Europe, in the United States of America, and major plants are being carried out in the African comeuppances.Current solar cells use a glass window glass as a screen for the extraneous screen of the solar cell.The mean life span for a solar cell is between 20 and 25 old ages.Silicones have the advantage of being really versatile in their formation.They can be formed to accommodate the environment in which they will be implemented.There is possible in the current solar cell securities industry for si licones to be used as screens, or coatings for PV faculties.DecisionsWhy Silicones and the PV faculty assembly market are perfect for each other windup(prenominal) belongingss that stay about changeless over a broad scope of temperatures & A remain about changeless over a broad scope of temperatures.UV stablenessLow Equilibrium wet contentElectrical insularityFire confrontationHi degree of trammelOptical transparentnessSilicones are an ideal merchandise household to run into the demands in the PV faculty assembly market.Their citations include mechanical belongingss that remain about changeless over a broad scope of temperatures, and remain stable even after long periods of exposure at high temperatures. UV stableness, low equilibrium wet content, electrical insularity, and fire opposition are built-in in silicones due to their chemical nature. In add-on to this correctly formulated silicone preparations can exhibit really fast remedy rates, high degree of adhesion to many hard - to stick-to substances, and optical transparence. All of these contribute to high lastingness in out-of-door exposure, and higher efficiency due to more effectual usage o the visible radiation from the solar spectrum.In the UV-visible wavelength part silicones are extremely crystalline, this makes them ideal campaigners for cell encapsulants.They can be formulated to hold low modulus and be stress alleviating piece besides holding glorious adhesion to the glass and cell substrates.RecommendationsFrom my research carried out in this country of survey it is my recommendation that silicones be used as the criterion method for encapsulating PV cells, and thereby PV faculties.The current PV cells comprise chiefly of p-n junction solar cells, the general layout and design of which was discussed earlier in the study.Silicones would do a really suited covering/ encapsulant for these types of solar faculties as they can be formed into extremely flexible stuff that can easy surface the out er bed of the faculty. Once on the stuff the silicone can so be tempered/ solidified to organize a lasting coating on the PV faculty.The silicone coating can so efficaciously protect the constituents of the PV faculty from external harm caused by corrosion. This efficaciously means protection from the effects o weather corrosion, such as wear and tear caused by the rain, Sun etc As silicones offer protection from all of the above they are ideally situated to be used as solar encapsulants.Meinel, A.B. , and M. P. Meinel. Applied solar Energy-An Introduction ( Reading, MA Addison-Wesley publish Co. , 1976 ) . And Rau, H. Solar Energy and Everyone ( California Straight pointer defends, 1975 ) . Burning Question Scientific Am. 236 ( 6 ) 64 ( 1977 ) .Rau, H. Solar Energy and Everyone ( California Straight cursor Books, 1975 )hypertext stir protocol //www.ehow.com/about_5098013_photovoltaic-effect.htmlhypertext shipping protocol //www.thegeminigeek.com/who-invented-solar-panels/hype rtext transfer protocol //www.solarserver.com/knowledge/basic-knowledge/solar-collectors.htmlhypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cellhypertext transfer protocol //www.ehow.com/facts_5185557_current-uses-solar-energy.htmlhypertext transfer protocol //www.dowcorning.com/content/discover/discoverchem/chlorosilane-hydrolysis.aspxhypertext transfer protocol //www.growthconsulting.frost.com/web/images.nsf/0/5C8C038AEE4690D96525744E001A9C9B/ $ file cabinet/TI.htmhypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panelhypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicone( A IUPAC, A abstract of Chemical Terminology, 2nd erectile dysfunction. ( the metallic Book ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version A ( 2006- ) hydrolysis .A IUPAC, A Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd erectile dysfunction. ( the Gold Book ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version A ( 2006- ) solvolysis . )hypertex t transfer protocol //www.dowcorning.com/content/discover/discoverchem/chlorosilane-hydrolysis.aspx )hypertext transfer protocol //www.dmoz.org/Business/Electronics_and_Electrical/Contract_Manufacturing/Printed_Circuit_Boards/Assembly/hypertext transfer protocol //geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/erosion.htmThe Chemical Engineer, November, 2009hypertext transfer protocol //searchwarp.com/swa139552.htm